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<title>Tissue microarray</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tissue microarray</span></span>

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<p><b>Tissue microarrays</b> (also <b>TMA</b>s) consist of <a href="Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a> blocks in which up to 1000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separate <a href="Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a> cores are assembled in array fashion to allow <a href="Multiplex_(assay)" title="Multiplex (assay)">multiplex</a> <a href="Histology" title="Histology">histological analysis</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The major limitations in molecular <a href="Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical analysis</a> of tissues include the cumbersome nature of procedures, limited availability of <a href="Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnostic</a> <a href="Reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagents">reagents</a> and limited patient sample size. The technique of tissue microarray was developed to address these issues.

</p><p>Multi-tissue blocks were first introduced by H. Battifora in 1986 with his so-called “multitumor (sausage) tissue block" and modified in 1990 with its improvement, "the checkerboard tissue block" . In 1998, J. Kononen and collaborators developed the current technique, which uses a novel sampling approach to produce tissues of regular size and shape that can be more densely and precisely arrayed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2></div>

<p>In the tissue microarray technique, a hollow needle is used to remove tissue cores as small as 0.6 mm in diameter from regions of interest in paraffin-embedded tissues such as clinical <a href="Biopsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopsies">biopsies</a> or <a href="Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> samples. These tissue cores are then inserted in a recipient paraffin block in a precisely spaced, array pattern. <a href="Histological_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Histological section">Sections</a> from this block are cut using a <a href="Microtome" title="Microtome">microtome</a>, mounted on a microscope slide and then analyzed by any method of standard histological analysis. Each microarray block can be cut into 100 – 500 sections, which can be subjected to independent tests. Tests commonly employed in tissue microarray include <a href="Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a>, and <a href="Fluorescent_in_situ_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent in situ hybridization">fluorescent in situ hybridization</a>. Tissue microarrays are particularly useful in analysis of <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> samples.

</p><p>One variation is a <a href="Frozen_tissue_array" title="Frozen tissue array">Frozen tissue array</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_research">Use in research</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="FGED_Society" title="FGED Society">FGED Society</a></div>

<p>The use of tissue microarrays in combination with <a href="Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> has been a preferred method to study and validate cancer biomarkers in various defined cancer <a href="Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">patient cohorts</a>. The possibility to assemble a large number of representative cancer samples from a defined patient cohort that also has a corresponding clinical database, provides a powerful resource to study how different protein expression patterns correlate with different clinical parameters. Since patient samples are assembled into the same block, sections can be stained with the same protocol to avoid experimental variability and technical artefacts. Clinical cancer patient cohorts and corresponding tissue microarray sets have been used to study diagnostic, prognostic and treatment predictive <a href="Cancer_biomarkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer biomarkers">cancer biomarkers</a> in most forms of cancer, including lung, breast, colorectal and renal cell cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Immunohistochemistry combined with tissue microarrays has also been used with success in large scale efforts to create a map of protein expression on a more global scale.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Cytomics" title="Cytomics">Cytomics</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510060018/http://tissuearray.org:80/yale/tisarray.html">"Yale University Core Tissue MicroArray Facility"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tissuearray.org/yale/tisarray.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2009.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGremelBergmanDjureinovicEdqvist2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gremel, Gabriela; Bergman, Julia; Djureinovic, Dijana; Edqvist, Per-Henrik; Maindad, Vikas; Bharambe, Bhavana M; Khan, Wasif Ali Z A; Navani, Sanjay; Elebro, Jacob (2014-01-01). "A systematic analysis of commonly used antibodies in cancer diagnostics". <i>Histopathology</i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>305. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhis.12255">10.1111/his.12255</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2559">1365-2559</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24330150">24330150</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21225276">21225276</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCampNeumeisterRimm2008" class="citation journal cs1">Camp, Robert L.; Neumeister, Veronique; Rimm, David L. (2008-12-01). "A Decade of Tissue Microarrays: Progress in the Discovery and Validation of Cancer Biomarkers". <i>Journal of Clinical Oncology</i>. <b>26</b> (34): <span class="nowrap">5630–</span>5637. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2Fjco.2008.17.3567">10.1200/jco.2008.17.3567</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-183X">0732-183X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18936473">18936473</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFredholmMagnussonLindströmGarmo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fredholm, Hanna; Magnusson, Kristina; Lindström, Linda S.; Garmo, Hans; Fält, Sonja Eaker; Lindman, Henrik; Bergh, Jonas; Holmberg, Lars; Pontén, Fredrik (2016-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050247">"Long-term outcome in young women with breast cancer: a population-based study"</a>. <i>Breast Cancer Research and Treatment</i>. <b>160</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>143. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10549-016-3983-9">10.1007/s10549-016-3983-9</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-6806">0167-6806</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5050247">5050247</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27624330">27624330</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGremelDjureinovicNiinivirtaLaird2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gremel, Gabriela; Djureinovic, Dijana; Niinivirta, Marjut; Laird, Alexander; Ljungqvist, Oscar; Johannesson, Henrik; Bergman, Julia; Edqvist, Per-Henrik; Navani, Sanjay (2017-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215231">"A systematic search strategy identifies cubilin as independent prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma"</a>. <i>BMC Cancer</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 9. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12885-016-3030-6">10.1186/s12885-016-3030-6</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2407">1471-2407</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215231">5215231</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28052770">28052770</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKampfOlssonRybergSjöstedt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kampf, Caroline; Olsson, IngMarie; Ryberg, Urban; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Pontén, Fredrik (2012-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jove.com/video/3620/">"Production of Tissue Microarrays, Immunohistochemistry Staining and Digitalization Within the Human Protein Atlas"</a>. <i>Journal of Visualized Experiments</i> (63): e3620. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3791%2F3620">10.3791/3620</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-087X">1940-087X</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468196">3468196</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22688270">22688270</a>.</cite></span>

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<ul><li>Battifora H: The multitumor (sausage) tissue block: novel method for immunohistochemical antibody testing. Lab Invest 1986, 55:244-248.</li>

<li>Battifora H, Mehta P: The checkerboard tissue block. An improved multitissue control block. Lab Invest 1990, 63:722-724.</li>

<li>Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Kallioniemi A, Barlund M, Schraml P, Leighton S, Torhorst J, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G, Kallioniemi OP: Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med 1998, 4:844-847.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tissue_microarray" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Tissue microarray">Tissue microarray</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cancer.gov/tarp">National Cancer Institute Tissue Array Research Program</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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